Neonatologists treat a wide range of conditions in newborn infants, including prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), jaundice, infections, birth defects, feeding difficulties, neurological disorders, and complications related to low birth weight or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

In the NICU, neonatologists provide comprehensive medical care to newborn infants, including assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing monitoring of their health. They oversee the management of complex medical conditions, coordinate care with other healthcare professionals, and support families through the emotional and practical challenges of having a newborn in intensive care.

While both neonatologists and pediatricians specialize in the care of infants and children, neonatologists specifically focus on the care of newborn infants, particularly those who are premature or critically ill. Pediatricians, on the other hand, provide medical care to infants, children, and adolescents across a broader range of ages and developmental stages.

Common procedures performed by neonatologists in the NICU may include endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation for respiratory support, umbilical catheterization for medication administration and monitoring, insertion of central venous catheters, lumbar punctures for cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and various other diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

Neonatologists play a crucial role in supporting breastfeeding and feeding in newborns by providing education and guidance to parents, assessing infants' feeding readiness and ability, monitoring their growth and nutritional needs, addressing feeding difficulties or concerns, and collaborating with lactation consultants and other members of the healthcare team to ensure optimal feeding outcomes.

The long-term outcomes for babies cared for by neonatologists depend on various factors, including the gestational age at birth, birth weight, severity of illness or complications, and the quality of medical care received. Many infants cared for in the NICU go on to lead healthy lives, while others may experience developmental delays, disabilities, or chronic health conditions that require ongoing support and intervention.