Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is defined as prolonged or irregular uterine bleeding. Bleeding may be heavier or lighter than usual, occurring frequently or at random. AUB may occur:

• As bleeding or spotting in between periods

• After sex

• For more days than your usual period.

• Heavier than usual

• After menopause

It doesn't happen during pregnancy. Bleeding during pregnancy involves a variety of causes. If you have any bleeding while pregnant, contact your healthcare professional.

Symptoms

The symptoms of AUB may include:

• Bleeding or spotting of the vagina between periods

• Periods that are less than 28 days apart (more common) or more than 35 days apart.

• The time between periods varies each month.

• Heavy bleeding (such as passing huge clots, requiring to change protection during the night, and soaking through a sanitary pad or tampon every hour for 2 to 3 hours in a row)

• Bleeding that lasts longer than usual or for more than 7 days.

Causes

AUB can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, and underlying medical conditions. Some of the most common causes include:

• Hormonal imbalances

• Uterine fibroids and polyps

• Endometrial and cervical issues

• Pregnancy-related complications

• Medications and medical conditions

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider will conduct a thorough assessment, which includes:

• Medical history and physical exam: Examine menstrual cycles, symptoms, and medical history.

• Pelvic examination: Look for infections, structural abnormalities, or signs of fibroids.

• Ultrasound imaging: Identifying abnormal endometrial growth, fibroids, or polyps.

• Blood tests: Evaluating thyroid function, hormone levels, and possible clotting disorders.

• Endometrial biopsy: A tiny sample of tissue is taken to look for cancer or aberrant cell growth.

Treatment

The cause of your bleeding will determine your treatment. There are medications and surgical procedures available to control bleeding or treat the underlying cause.

Medications

Medication is frequently the first option your healthcare professional will examine. For abnormal uterine bleeding, your doctor may prescribe birth control pills, progestin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and antagonists, tranexamic acid, antibiotics, and iron supplements.

Surgery

There are various treatments available for irregular uterine bleeding. Your provider may recommend hysteroscopy, uterine artery embolization, myomectomy, endometrial ablation, dilatation and curettage (DC), or a hysterectomy.

Prevention

Many of the reasons of irregular uterine bleeding cannot be prevented. However, you can lower your risk of developing some illnesses that cause abnormal bleeding. For example, maintaining a healthy weight may help keep your hormones in sync. Practicing safer sex (such as using a condom) can lower your risk of developing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which can cause irregular uterine bleeding.

Conclusion

Abnormal uterine bleeding is a frequent yet treatable illness. Identifying the underlying problem and pursuing suitable therapy can greatly enhance a woman's health. If you are suffering symptoms of AUB, see a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment choices to maintain your reproductive and general health.