Overview
Atherosclerosis is a progressive and chronic condition characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances on the inner walls of arteries. These deposits, known as plaques, narrow and stiffen the arteries, impeding the smooth flow of blood. Over time, the plaques can rupture, leading to blood clot formation and potentially causing heart attacks, strokes, or other cardiovascular complications. Atherosclerosis often develops silently, without noticeable symptoms, making it a significant global health concern. Contributing factors include an unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, smoking, and genetic predisposition. Understanding and addressing these risk factors, along with early detection and appropriate medical management, play a crucial role in preventing or slowing down the progression of atherosclerosis.

Symptoms Of Atherosclerosis 

• Angina: Chest pain or discomfort, often triggered by reduced blood flow to the heart.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing due to decreased oxygen supply to the lungs.
• Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired, particularly during physical activity.
• Numbness or Weakness: Reduced blood flow to extremities, leading to numbness or weakness.
• Coldness or Discoloration: Legs or arms may feel colder than the rest of the body, with changes in skin colour.
• Erectile Dysfunction: Reduced blood flow to the genital area affecting male sexual function.
• Difficulty Speaking or Understanding: When atherosclerosis affects blood vessels supplying the brain, it can lead to speech and comprehension difficulties. 

Causes Of Atherosclerosis 

• High Cholesterol: Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol contribute to plaque formation.
• Hypertension: Prolonged high blood pressure damages arterial walls, promoting atherosclerosis.
• Smoking: Tobacco use accelerates the accumulation of plaque in arteries.
• Diabetes: Elevated blood sugar levels contribute to arterial damage and plaque buildup.
• Inflammation: Chronic inflammation in the body can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
• Genetic Factors: A family history of atherosclerosis increases susceptibility.
• Obesity: Excess body weight contributes to an imbalance in cholesterol levels and promotes inflammation.
• Unhealthy Diet: Diets high in saturated and trans fats and cholesterol and low in fibre increase the risk. 

Diagnosis Of Atherosclerosis

• Physical Examination: Assessing symptoms, blood pressure, and overall cardiovascular health.
• Blood Tests: Measuring cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): Recording the heart's electrical activity to detect abnormalities.
• Imaging Studies: CT scans, MRI, or angiography provide detailed images of blood vessels and plaque.
• Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI): Evaluating arm and leg blood pressure to assess peripheral artery disease.
• Ultrasound: Doppler ultrasound to visualize blood flow and detect plaques.
• Coronary Angiogram: This invasive procedure uses contrast dye and X-rays to visualize coronary arteries.
• Risk Assessment: Considering overall cardiovascular risk factors and family history. 

Treatment Of Atherosclerosis 

• Lifestyle Modifications: Adopting a heart-healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and maintaining a healthy weight to address underlying risk factors.
• Medications: Prescribed to lower cholesterol levels, manage blood pressure, control diabetes, and reduce inflammation. Examples include statins, antihypertensives, and antiplatelet drugs.
• Angioplasty and Stenting: Interventional procedures involving inflating a balloon to widen narrowed arteries and placing a stent to maintain blood flow.
• Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG): A surgical procedure redirecting blood flow around blocked arteries to improve circulation.
• Laser Atherectomy: Minimally invasive technique using laser energy to remove or vaporize atherosclerotic plaques.
• Atherosclerosis Prevention Programs: Comprehensive programs focusing on lifestyle changes, education, and medication adherence.
• Regular Monitoring and Follow-up: Ongoing assessment by healthcare professionals to adjust treatment plans, monitor progress, and address emerging cardiovascular issues.
• Cardiac Rehabilitation: Structured programs offering supervised exercise, education, and support for individuals with atherosclerosis or after interventions.
• Addressing Underlying Conditions: Managing comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity to mitigate atherosclerosis progression.