Esophageal cancer affects the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, obesity, and acid reflux. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, chest pain or discomfort, unintentional weight loss, and hoarseness. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on the cancer's stage, size, and location, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Prevention strategies include avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing acid reflux. Early detection and intervention are crucial for improving survival rates.