Gynecological oncology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of cancers affecting the female reproductive system, including ovarian, cervical, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Risk factors vary for each type of cancer and may include genetic predisposition, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, hormonal factors, and lifestyle choices. Symptoms can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or changes in bowel or bladder habits. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, biopsy, and staging evaluations. Treatment options depend on the cancer type, stage, and individual patient factors, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. Early detection and comprehensive care are essential for improving outcomes in gynecological cancers.