Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder affecting hemoglobin production, causing anemia. Individuals with thalassemia produce fewer red blood cells and less hemoglobin, leading to fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. There are two main types: alpha and beta thalassemia, each with varying severity. Thalassemia often requires lifelong medical management, including blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy. In severe cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be considered. Early diagnosis through genetic testing allows for proper treatment planning and support. Thalassemia is most common in regions with a high prevalence of consanguineous marriages.