Urological cancers affect the urinary system and male reproductive organs, including the kidneys, bladder, prostate, testicles, and penis. Risk factors vary by cancer type but commonly include smoking, exposure to chemicals, family history, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms can include blood in the urine, urinary urgency or frequency, pelvic pain, or changes in sexual function. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, biopsy, and staging evaluations. Treatment options depend on the cancer type, stage, and individual patient factors and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. Early detection and comprehensive management are crucial for improving outcomes in urological cancers.