Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye, is an eye condition characterized by inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva—the thin, transparent membrane that covers the white part of the eyeball and the inner surface of the eyelids. Conjunctivitis can occur due to various causes, including infections, allergies, irritants, or even underlying health conditions. Its a common issue, especially in children, and while it can be uncomfortable, it is usually treatable. Below are the most frequently asked questions about conjunctivitis, along with detailed answers to help better understand this condition.

What is conjunctivitis?

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the tissue lining the inside of the eyelids and the whites of the eyes. It can make the eyes appear red or pink, leading to the common name "pink eye." This condition can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants like smoke or chemicals, or even some underlying medical conditions. The primary symptom is redness in the eyes, but other symptoms like discharge, itching, and a gritty sensation are also common.

What causes conjunctivitis?

Conjunctivitis can be caused by several factors, each presenting differently:

• Viral Infections: The most common cause of conjunctivitis, often associated with colds or respiratory infections. Viruses like the adenovirus are usually to blame.
• Bacterial Infections: These infections, often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae, can cause yellow or green discharge.
• Allergies: Pollen, pet dander, dust mites, and other allergens can trigger allergic conjunctivitis, which is characterized by watery eyes, itching, and swelling.
• Irritants: Chemicals, smoke, or pollutants can cause conjunctivitis, though this type typically resolves once the irritant is removed.
• Underlying Conditions: In some cases, conjunctivitis can occur due to autoimmune diseases or other systemic conditions.

Is conjunctivitis contagious?

Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are highly contagious, especially in environments like schools and daycare centers where people are in close contact. These infections spread through direct contact with infected eye secretions, as well as through contaminated surfaces or items such as towels, pillowcases, or makeup. However, allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious because it is caused by an allergic reaction rather than an infection.

What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis?

The symptoms of conjunctivitis can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

• Redness or pinkness in one or both eyes
• Itching or burning sensations
• Watery or sticky discharge (yellow or green in bacterial infections)
• Swollen or puffy eyelids
• Increased sensitivity to light
• A gritty feeling in the eye

In the case of allergic conjunctivitis, symptoms may also include sneezing, a runny nose, or a cough, often accompanied by itchy eyes and swelling.

How is conjunctivitis treated?

Treatment for conjunctivitis depends on its cause:

• Viral Conjunctivitis: This type usually resolves on its own within one to two weeks. Treatment focuses on symptom relief, such as using cold compresses, artificial tears, and over-the-counter antihistamine drops.
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are commonly prescribed to treat bacterial infections and speed up recovery.
• Allergic Conjunctivitis: Treatment involves avoiding allergens and using antihistamine eye drops, or anti-inflammatory medications to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms.
• Irritant-Induced Conjunctivitis: Removing the irritant and rinsing the eyes with water is usually enough to alleviate symptoms. If the irritation persists, artificial tears or lubricating eye drops can help soothe the eyes.

Can conjunctivitis affect both eyes?

Yes, conjunctivitis can affect both eyes, especially in viral and allergic forms. In viral conjunctivitis, the infection may begin in one eye but often spreads to the other eye within a few days. Allergic conjunctivitis usually affects both eyes simultaneously. However, in bacterial cases, it typically starts in one eye and, if left untreated, may spread to the other.

How can I prevent conjunctivitis?

Prevention of conjunctivitis focuses on maintaining good hygiene to avoid exposure to bacteria and viruses:

• Frequent Handwashing: Wash hands regularly, especially after touching your face or eyes.
• Avoid Touching the Eyes: Avoid rubbing the eyes, especially with dirty hands.
• Avoid Sharing Personal Items: Do not share towels, makeup, or pillowcases, which can harbor infectious agents.
• Clean and Disinfect: Clean surfaces that may come into contact with eye secretions, especially in shared spaces.
• Protective Eyewear: Wear sunglasses or protective glasses when exposed to irritants such as smoke or chemicals.

When should I see a doctor for conjunctivitis?

Although most cases of conjunctivitis resolve with simple at-home treatments, its important to consult a healthcare professional if:

• Symptoms persist or worsen after a few days.
• There is severe eye pain or changes in vision.
• You have a weakened immune system or are immunocompromised.
• You notice a thick, yellow or green discharge that doesnt improve with over-the-counter remedies.

Early intervention can help ensure proper diagnosis and prevent complications such as corneal scarring or vision loss. Understanding conjunctivitis—its causes, symptoms, and treatments—can help you effectively manage the condition and prevent it from spreading. If you experience any symptoms of conjunctivitis, seek medical advice to determine the best course of action.